Coalition navies-the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy in particular-also participated extensively in OEF, providing further warfighting capabilities and support functions. In terms of ships alone, this constituted a surge of over three times the number of naval vessels typically assigned to NAVCENT/Fifth Fleet. Jones, In the Graveyard of Empires: AmericaвЂ™s War in Afghanistan (New York: Norton, 2009).Д¤В See especially Sean Naylor, Not a Good Day to Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda (New York: Berkley Books, 2005). Wright, A Different Kind of War: The United States Army in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), October 2001вЂ“September 2005 (Fort Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2010) Seth G. Marines in Afghanistan, 2001вЂ“2002: From the Sea (Washington, DC: United States Marine Corps History Division, 2011) Donald P. Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT)/Fifth Fleet area of responsibility a total of six aircraft carrier battle groups (CVBGs), four amphibious ready groups (ARGs), extensive additional support ships, and around 60,000 active-duty Sailors and Marines as well as some 13,000ДЈВ Helpful assessments of particular aspects of OEF include Nathan S. During the operationвЂ™s first six months, the Navy committed to the U.S. The initial phases of OEF necessitated an enormous commitment in terms of total naval forces in theater. 4 Hundreds of al-Qaeda and Taliban fugitives escaped into Pakistan and bin Laden was not captured or killed, yet al-QaedaвЂ™s infrastructure in Afghanistan was destroyed and the Taliban regime was brought down just 102 days after the 9/11 attacks. forces launched Operation Anaconda against residual al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters in eastern Afghanistan, the largest pitched battle of the war. By December 2001, most campaign goals had been achieved and combat operations shifted to a mountainous section of eastern Afghanistan called Tora Bora, where isolated al-Qaeda and Taliban forces had fled. 3 Naval power was central to the operational successes of OEF, particularly during the intense opening phases of the military campaign. Over the course of several months, American and Coalition military operations inside Afghanistan devastated the Taliban regime and seriously undermined Osama bin LadenвЂ™s al-Qaeda network, which had used the land-locked country as a training ground and safe haven since 1996. Navy played a critical role in the immediate military response to the 9/11 attacks, codenamed Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), which formally began on 7 October 2001 and unfolded primarily in the Central Command (CENTCOM) theater of operations. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 131вЂ“172.Дў On terminological debates surrounding the вЂњGlobal War on Terror,вЂќ see Barry Scott Zellen, The Art of War in an Asymmetric World: Strategy for the PostвЂ“Cold War Era (London: Continuum International Publishing, 2012), 282вЂ“283 Jan Goldman, ed., The War on Terror Encyclopedia: From the Rise of Al-Qaeda to 9/11 and Beyond (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2014), 154. See also Stephen Holmes, вЂњAl-Qaeda, September 11, 2001,вЂќ in Diego Gambetta, ed., Making Sense of Suicide Missions, updated ed. 2ДЎ For a detailed narrative of events on the morning of 11 September 2001, see National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report (Boston: W.W. military into a protracted вЂњglobal war on terrorismвЂќ that encompassed offensive and counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan and Iraq for more than a decade. Bush and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). These unprecedented attacks claimed the lives of nearly 3,000 people and injured some 7,000 more, and were immediately recognized as acts of war both by the administration of President George W. The fourth, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in an open field in southwestern Pennsylvania after passengers attempted to subdue the hijackers and retake control of the plane. A third, American Airlines Flight 77, crashed into the Pentagon.

Two airliners, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City. Nineteen terrorists, most of who were of Saudi Arabian origin, seized control of four commercial airliners not long after takeoff from airports on the East Coast.

On the morning of 11 September 2001, terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda perpetrated the most devastating attack on the United States since the Japanese strike on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in December 1941.

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